Later, several large-scale studies, applying mainly small nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarrays and whole genome sequencing, have identified multiple short variants (rare and common) associated with asthma in different loci, including: 1q31.3 (DENND1B), 2q12.1 (IL1RL1/IL18R1), 5q12.1 (PDE4D), 5q22.1 (TSLP/WDR36), 5q31.1 (IL13), 6p21.32 (HLA-DR/DQ), 9p24.1 (IL33), 14q11.2 (DAD1/OXAL1L), 15q22.2 (FOXB1) and 17q21.1 (ORMDL3/GSDMB)15–20. This evidence concerns the gene PDE4D and asthma.