TNF and neoplasm: Hypoxic conditions and nutrient deprivation (previous section) induce the secretion of cytokines and growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), stromal-derived factor 1 alpha (SD1α), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6) from tumour cells to trigger the formation of new blood vessels (neovascularisation or angiogenesis) and inflammation [35].