In contrast to cytotoxic drugs used in conventional chemotherapy, mifamurtide does not attempt to directly kill tumour cells but, instead, stimulates monocytes and macrophages to release proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, and prostaglandin D2 [178]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and neoplasm.