Although preclinical studies demonstrated that PPARα agonists might be an aid to smoking cessation, the results of current two clinical trials, the present study and the one by Perkins et al [36], showed no effect of gemfibrozil or fenofibrate, respectively, on laboratory measures of nicotine dependence, cue reactivity, and smoking abstinence during a brief quit attempt. Here, PPARA is linked to nicotine dependence.