TNF and colitis: In addition, experimental studies have also demonstrated that there is reduction of cytokines known for their proinflammatory effect, such as IL-1, TNFα, and IFNγ and concomitant increased level of anti-inflammatory markers expression, including arginase 1 proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interferon gamma (IFNgamma), and increased anti-inflammatory markers such as arginase 1, secondary to Se supplementation in mice with DSS-induced colitis [65, 66].