IL1A and Parkinson disease: In PD patients, immune mediators such as IL-1ß, TGFß, IFNγ, and IL-6 are increased in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and nigrostriatal regions (Mogi et al., 1994; Blum-Degen et al., 1995; Mount et al., 2007), and SNpc DA neurons appear particularly sensitive to pro-inflammatory cytokines (McGuire et al., 2001; Mount et al., 2007; Tansey and Goldberg, 2010).