BDNF and nervous system disorder: The tissue concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor, and neurotrophin-3 (NT3) were significantly increased after DSC transplantation in various neurological disorders [20, 26, 60, 97], indicating that DCS-mediated improvement is at least partly contributed to via neurotrophin secretion.