TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: We collected sigmoid biopsies before (week 0) or after (week 14) anti-TNF antibody treatment induction from 21 IBD patients (n = 21; UC = 13 and CD = 8) and assessed mucosal mRNA expression by qPCR of IL22, TNF, and MLKL and a composite score of six IFN-I–inducible genes (IFITM1, MXA, OAS3, IFIT1, IFI44L, and IFI16), termed “ISG score” hereafter, previously shown to robustly correlate with IFN-I signaling (Lübbers et al., 2013).