TNF and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Correspondingly, insults that pertain to T1D, e.g., the release from inflammatory cells of sub-lethal cytotoxic cytokines such as interferon γ (IFNγ), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), impair beta cell metabolism and the usual increases in cytosolic ATP/ADP ratio following nutrient stimulation.