IL1B and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Conversely, metabolically adapted and functionally competent beta cells are more sensitive to the effects of the cytokines IL-1β and interleukin-6 (IL-6) [39], and would be expected to fail early in T1D due to ER stress given their low levels of sarco(endo-)plasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase-2 (SERCA2).