Moreover, CV polysaccharide administration was shown to improve spatial memory in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), by increasing the antioxidant activity, through an increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) mRNA levels, and inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) [18]. Here, TNF is linked to early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.