In this context, we have earlier reported that short-term (18 h) stimulation of primary human MDM with the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α, an experimental condition commonly referred to as “M1 polarization”30, before infection caused a significant containment of virus replication initially attributed to an impairment of viral entry21, consistently with earlier observations49. This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and infection.