VCAM1 and endothelial dysfunction: Out of the biomarkers of the disease, it is only NT-pro-BNP (inactive form of BNP) that is routinely used for diagnosis, although there are several other markers of inflammation; oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction (interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), pentraxin-e, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), Soluble ST2, E-selectin) suggesting the progression of pathology [4].