PCG-1alpha enhances mitochondrial biosynthesis and oxidative metabolism and is a key regulator in the metabolic response to endurance training.32,33 In disuse, PGC-1alpha expression is reduced in soleus muscle of mice and in vastus lateralis muscle of humans.12,34 Reduced expression of PGC-1alpha has been considered a relevant cause of muscle atrophy, suggesting a “metabolic” program of muscle atrophy.11,12,34 The higher expression of PGC-1alpha in this study is surprising. The gene discussed is PPARGC1A; the disease is Atrophy.