PCNA and systemic lupus erythematosus: Our study shows a need to (i) widen the panel of diagnostic antinuclear and anti-mitochondrial antigens used in African patients, (ii) further refine the predictive values of the ANA reactivity to different nuclear and mitochondrial antigens in order to differentiate SLE syndromes in African populations, and (iii) consider anti-PCNA reactivity, which has so far been largely excluded in Africa and elsewhere,43 as a diagnostic marker for patients with SLE.