PTGS2 and cancer: However, there are several factors including stress (Han et al., 2002), chromosomal aberration (Shacter and Weitzman, 2002), and environmental factors (Shishodia et al., 2003) that can disturb this balance and lead to excessive production of prostaglandin E2, via up-regulating the COX-2 activity, which consequently leads to inflammatory mediated diseases including cancer (Pockaj et al., 2004; Misra et al., 2018), Alzheimer's diseases (Faden et al., 2016), and acute renal failure (Gomez et al., 2014; Tucker et al., 2015).