Interestingly, following treatment with AAV9-UBA1 in SMA mice there was a significant increase in the percentage of parvalbumin-positive neurons, from 8% of the total sensory neuron population in SMA mice, to 13% in SMA mice injected with AAV9-UBA1 (Supplementary Fig. 11A and B). Here, UBA1 is linked to proximal spinal muscular atrophy.