VCAM1 and endothelial dysfunction: Biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction caused by inflammatory, oxidative stress, such as inflammation-related leukocyte adhesion molecules (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 [VCAM1]; intercellular adhesion molecule-1 [ICAM1]; and endothelial cell-leukocyte adhesion molecules-1 [ELAM1]), a physiological endothelial anticoagulant (thrombomodulin [TM]), and a platelet adhesion molecule (von Willebrand factor [VWF]) have been reported to be associated with risk of incident AF [20–24].