NPPB and atrial fibrillation: In a multivariate regression model controlling simultaneously for rhythm at blood collection, age, sex, type of AF, body mass index (BMI), eGFR, LAD, and LVEF, rhythm at blood collection, age, sex, LAD, and LVEF were significantly associated with the level of ln BNP (Table 3): specifically, AF at blood collection was significantly associated with the substantially increased level of ln BNP (adjusted β = 0.482, 95% CI = 0.213–0.751, P value < 0.001).