Examination of the liver tissue of diabetic mice revealed that 4E-BP1 binding of eIF4E was not only dramatically increased, but O-GlcNAcylation of 4E-BP1 was elevated almost 2-fold while 4E-BP1 phosphorylation declined significantly (58), suggesting that O-GlcNAc plays a role in cap-independent translation in diabetes signaling. This evidence concerns the gene EIF4EBP1 and diabetes mellitus.