TGF-β and IL-10 are two important and well-recognized immunoregulatory factors107,108, and these molecules are associated with IBD onset and Treg-modulated intestinal mucosal homeostasis109–111, which suggest that tolerogenic DCs may induce and maintain Treg differentiation via IL-10- and TGF-β-dependent mechanisms. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is inflammatory bowel disease.