TNF and cherubism: According to Ueki’s mouse model, cherubism is associated with a high level of TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor α) that is responsible for maintaining the phenotype: hyperactive macrophages secrete a high level of TNF-α that drives systemic inflammation, stimulates secretion of RANK-L (Receptor Activator of Nuclear factor Κ B Ligand) and M-CSF (Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor) (osteoclastogenesis-associated proteins) by stromal cells, and ultimately results in bone loss [14].