TLR4 and lung carcinoma: Interestingly, to provide the mechanism linking oxidative stress, metastasis in lung cancer and the activation of NAD(P)H oxidase, Liu et al. [76] demonstrated in a recent study that the increased expression of NADPH oxidase-1 (NOX-1) stimulated ROS production and metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) via the induction of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) signaling.