IFNA1 and neoplasm: NDV is known to cause oncolysis by triggering apoptosis; however, recombinant NDV strains are cytotoxic to human tumor cell lines of ecto-, endo-, and mesodermal origin, and the cytotoxicity of these NDV strains against tumor cells is due to multiple caspase-dependent pathways of apoptosis, which are independent of IFN signaling (Elankumaran et al., 2006).