However, all clinical trials to date investigating immunosuppressive therapy in sepsis, including anti-endotoxin (signaling) molecules, TLR-receptor antagonists, anti-cytokine therapies (e.g., anti-TNF-α, IL-1RA etc.), and high dose corticosteroids(14–24), have convincingly demonstrated that inhibition of the immune response exerts no beneficial effects in an unselected heterogeneous group of sepsis patients. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is Sepsis.