- Preclinical data in sepsis models: promising results (e.g., prevention of sepsis-induced depletion of lymphocytes, increased TNF-α and IL-6 production, decreased IL-10 production, enhanced bacterial clearance, improved survival (102) - Clinical data in the oncology field: effective, especially in advanced melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer. - No clinical trials in sepsis patients yet. Here, TNF is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.