There was only an association between brain mitochondrial dysfunction and brain insulin resistance since most of studies demonstrated that brain mitochondrial dysfunction was promptly observed in obese-insulin resistant animals with brain insulin resistance as indicated by the reduction in brain insulin-related proteins expression and impairment of insulin-induced long-term depression in the hippocampal areas (5, 6, 8, 11, 14, 15, 19, 29–31). Here, INS is linked to Insulin resistance.