According to previous reports, pharmacological interventions such as anti-diabetic drugs can attenuate cognitive impairment via the improvement of peripheral insulin sensitivity (181, 182), the provision of antioxidative effects (17, 19, 28–31, 157, 183), a decrease in inflammation and apoptosis (17, 19, 113, 157, 183), as well as the improvement of mitochondrial function in the brain (6, 19, 28–31, 113). Here, INS is linked to Cognitive impairment.