INS and Mental deterioration: Interestingly, it has been shown that brain mitochondrial dysfunction, as indicated by the overproduction of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial depolarization and mitochondrial swelling, has occurred in association with brain insulin resistance and all of these events could lead to the development of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease (6, 8, 11, 13–15, 19, 28–31).