NFKB1 and infection: In insects, the recognition of an invading microorganism activates immune signaling pathways, such as the IMD and Toll pathways, inducing the phosphorylation and cleavage of the IκB inhibitory proteins (Li and Verma, 2002; Häcker and Karin, 2006) allowing NF-κB TF (relish, dorsal) to translocate to the nucleus, triggering the transcription of several effector molecules such as the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) (Ferrandon et al., 2007; Hetru and Hoffmann, 2009) to combat infection (Häcker and Karin, 2006; Lemaitre and Hoffmann, 2007).