For decades, insect innate immunity has commonly been studied using the genetic malleable model, D. melanogaster. This model elucidated details of the genes involved in the Toll and IMD pathways, as well as their specific roles in combating infection, by challenging with Gram-positive and negative bacteria and fungi (Lemaitre and Hoffmann, 2007; Ferrandon et al., 2007; Hetru and Hoffmann, 2009). This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and infection.