PARP1 and infection: Moreover, ExoS/ADPRT-induced cytotoxicity was significantly higher than the GAP-induced cytotoxicity at earlier timepoints within the first 10 h post-infection, while the ExoS/GAP domain activity caused significantly more cytotoxicity than the ADPRT domain at later timepoints (15–20 h post infection) when ExoS-induced cytotoxicity reached its maximum (Fig. 7, Movies S1A,B and S3B).