In the DIRECT study [4], in which data on HbA1c, insulin level and oral glucose tolerance testing were collected prospectively to month 6 in patients receiving a standard CsA-based regimen, the incidence of treated PTDM was 7.4% but a further 7.4% had untreated PTDM based on American Diabetes Association criteria (14.8% overall) [35]. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is diabetes mellitus.