Hence, this result indicated that the downregulation of miR-1303 induced by CA16 infections in HUVECs reduced the expression levels of Claudin4, Claudin5, ZO-1, and VE-cadherin by accelerating the release of MMP9, which might explain why the BBB permeability increased during EV71 and CA16 infections. The gene discussed is MMP9; the disease is infection.