TNF and metabolic syndrome: Adipose tissue is fundamental to the development of inflammation by inducing theincrease of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6,21 and a decrease inanti-inflammatory chemokines such as adiponectin.22 In addition, it has been described thatTNF-α contributes to CRP elevation, which is a marker of low-gradeinflammatory state, but also has a close relationship with dyslipidemia andendothelial dysfunction.23 Inmice, the HFD induced an elevation of IL-6 after 2, 4 and 6 months,24 and an increase in plasma levelsof pro-inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-6 after 15 weeks.25