In model 1 with adjustments for children’s sex, age and/or height, there was a U-shaped relationship between standardised GWG and adverse cardiometabolic risk profile in the offspring, with higher weight, hip circumference, blood pressure (DBP and DBP percentile) and AUCins, increased risks of insulin resistance (Matsuda ISI) and an enhanced insulin response (pancreatic beta cell function) in the children of women with either more or less weight gain than recommended during pregnancy (1.4 × 10−3 < pquadratic < 0.0282) (model 1 in Table 2; see also model 1 in ESM Table 3 and ESM Fig. 2). This evidence concerns the gene INS and Insulin resistance.