This includes the gold-standard troponins (cTnI and cTnT) and its lesser used and useful alternative, CK-MB, which exhibit 99th percentile thresholds that are significantly lower in women than men, yet male standards are still in widespread use; this disparity is a primary contributing factor in failure to accurately and adequately diagnose ischemia and myocardial infarction in women. This evidence concerns the gene TNNI3 and ischemia.