INS and diabetes mellitus: Diabetes refers to different glucose metabolism disorders that, according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), can be classified into: type-I, characterized by insulin deficiency, due to autoimmune β-cell destruction; type-II, characterized by insulin resistance that lead to abnormal insulin secretion; other forms (often reported as type-III), due to different causes later specified, and gestational diabetes (also known as type-IV), which is a temporary disorder and the most frequent health problem during pregnancy.