VEGFA and neoplasm: Alginate-based hydrogel, on the other hand, was used to form tumor spheroids in microfluidic culture systems in an attempt to mimic solid tumors [145]; to blend with other biocompatible biomaterials such as gelatin to make composite hydrogel and with tumor cells and TAFs for in vitro tumor models to study cell-cell interactions and mechanisms of tumorigenesis [146]; to mimic TME in 3D cultures for angiogenesis with the engagement of cancer cells, VEGF, and integrin [147].