IHH and neoplasm: In line with our data from in vitro and in vivo experiments, the expression levels of IHH (p = 1.54 e-05), PDE3B (p = 0.04), cyclin D1 (p = 2.45 e-06), HSPA5 (p = 0.0003), SEC61B (p = 0.039) and BDNF (p = 0.0005) were significantly down-regulated by OPCs-curcumin combination in the patient-derived tumor organoids (Fig. 4B).