In mixed-effects models, after multi-adjustment for potential confounders (including age, sex, education, civil status, total calorie intake, dietary vitamin/mineral supplement use, smoking status and duration, BMI, vascular disorders, other chronic diseases, APOE ɛ4 allele carriage, survival status, and diet or leisure activities where applicable), moderate or high adherence to NPDP, and moderate or intense physical, mental, and social activities were independently associated with lower cognitive decline compared to low diet adherence or low activity levels, correspondingly. The gene discussed is APOE; the disease is vascular disorder.