NFKB1 and cancer: Several mechanisms for how vitamin D affects inflammatory microenvironment in cancers have been explored, including regulating the interaction between immune and tumor cells to regulate the levels of cytokines, inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway, up-regulating MKP5, and inhibiting the prostaglandins pathway and immune cells (macrophages, DCs, B cells, and T cells) [52,53] (Figure 2).