However, even if the highly hyperosmolar conditions we subjected ALL cells to in vitro are not therapeutically tenable in vivo, they do suggest that the complexity of kinases and other components of the signaling pathway responding to hypertonicity, including those regulating NFAT5, at least in the case of PAX2 [64], may be ripe for investigation as drug targets. Here, PAX2 is linked to acute lymphoblastic leukemia.