Volcano plot analysis of the differentially expressed genes identified 12 gene candidates of bladder cancer biomarkers in urinary EV, which were overexpressed in BC compared to HC/DC as well as to NRT: CEACAM7, CRH, FABP4, GPRC5A, HSD17B2, KRT17, LINC00967, OLFM3, P4HA1, SLC2A1, TMEM45A, and TMPRSS4 (Figure 1C, Supplementary Table 1). Here, OLFM3 is linked to urinary bladder cancer.