GLUL and acute liver failure: 2) This effect is specific and not the result of toxicity or overall downregulation of the response to LPS, 3) MSO does not act on transcription, but may be acting on translation or on cytokine turnover and 4) the L,R isomer of MSO, which does not inhibit glutamine synthetase, has the same anti-inflammatory activity as the L,S isomer, and independently increases survival significantly in an established mouse model of acute liver failure.