In order to evaluate the consequences of APE1/Ref-1 and CA9 inhibition on various markers of cellular functions, 3D tumor +CAF co-cultures consisting of 10.05 and CAF19 cells were treated with 10 μM APX2009 and/or 3 μM FC12-531A on Days 4 and 8, then collected for IHC on Day 12 (Fig. 5). The gene discussed is APEX1; the disease is neoplasm.