Although none of these treatments resulted in a significant change in APE1/Ref-1 positivity, a non-significant trend was observed with a slight decrease in the proportion of APE1/Ref-1-positive cells following combination treatment with APX2009 and FC12-531A (Figs 5D and S1E), which may also be attributable to the shift in tumor:CAF ratios with this combination treatment strategy. This evidence concerns the gene APEX1 and neoplasm.