TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Likewise, the serum levels of TNF-α were found to be higher in CAD (27.6 ± 6.3 pg/mL) and T2DM (27.7 ± 8.0 pg/mL) patients compared to the control (22.3 ± 7.4 pg/mL) (p = 0.001 for both).