TNF and allergic asthma: In previous studies, PlGF was shown to be related to recruitment and chemotaxis in monocytes after ligation of the femoral artery.[39, 40] Studies reported that PlGF induced cardiac fibroblasts to secrete chemotactic cytokine such as TNF-α, IL6, IL1β, and Cxcl1.[24, 39] In addition, up-regulation of PlGF was reported to play a proinflammatory role in allergic asthma via increasing tissue neutrophilia and IL-17 production.[41] In our treatment strategy, the mouse hearts treated with PlGF showed reduced inflammation after reperfusion.