GSTM1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Of 469,104 UK Biobank participants with complete hematology measures, covariates, and mortality data, we excluded 228,627 participants who had prevalent anemia (self-reported diagnosis, hospital records, or low hemoglobin at the baseline assessment; Hb<120g/L in females, <130g/L in males: from WHO definition [16]), coronary artery disease (CAD), cancer, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or hypertension (baseline self-reports or hospital admission electronic records).