In mammary cancer the CD44-ICD is engaged in EMT-related transcription factor expression and nuclear translocation, particularly of Oct4 and Sox2 (Cho et al., 2015) In glioma CIC, the CD44-ICD is engaged in hypoxic state maintenance via binding HIF2α, which enhances HIF target gene activation at perivascular oxygen tension (Johansson et al., 2017). Here, EPAS1 is linked to central nervous system cancer.