Immune cells including T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells recruited by IL-1α and the epithelial chemokine TSLP (14), infiltrate the developing tumor through the highly permeant vasculature and via migratory processes, and promote or inhibit tumor progression by generating pro- and anti-inflammatory responses or mediating immune attack, depending on the mutational load of the tumor and other factors (15, 16). This evidence concerns the gene IL1A and neoplasm.