PPARG and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: 1. Butyrate epigenetically upregulates gene expressions of PPARγ and decreasing interferon-γ production (Berni Canani et al., 2012). 2. Supplementation of Lactobacillus during pregnancy affects DNA methylation status of certain promoters of obesity and weight gain-related genes both in mothers and their children (Luoto et al., 2010; Wickens et al., 2017; Vähämiko et al., 2018)