TNF and Insulin resistance: The binding of LPS with TLR4 could result in the stimulation of IKKβ and NF-κB and then increase the levels of downstream inflammatory factors (like TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, etc.)(Kagan and Medzhitov, 2006; Wan et al., 2016), which promoted the insulin resistance in the tissue where they were produced.