Correlating with prevention of cognitive defects, lithium carbonate improved spatial reference and working memory in a rat intra-hippocampal injection model of AD and reversed reductions in anti-inflammatory (IL-4) and increases in pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, TNFα) cytokines in the frontal cortex and hippocampus (Budni et al., 2017). Here, IL1B is linked to Cognitive impairment.