The molecular mediators of lithium’s anti-inflammatory effects in dementia models are unclear, but correlative evidence suggest that GSK-3, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) pathways may play a causal role (Jope et al., 2017; see Figure 1B). The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is dementia.