PNPLA3 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: We previously reported that the patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3) rs738409 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is the most predictive and effective variant for a Japanese NAFLD cohort since its risk allele frequency is much higher in the Japanese population compared with that in Caucasian and African populations7–9.