In contrast, fasting insulin levels only doubled in hypoxic dams from E9.5 to E17.5 (0.25 vs 0.60 ng/ml, P = 0.06) (Fig. 3c) and their HOMA-IR scores did not differ (2.8 vs 3.7, P = 0.52) (Fig. 3d), suggesting that their greater glucose tolerance at E17.5 was due to a failure to increase their insulin resistance in late pregnancy. This evidence concerns the gene INS and Insulin resistance.