Relative to normal controls, BMP2, TGFβ1, AVCR1 (ALK2), BMPR1A (ALK3), SMAD1 and SMAD2 showed opposite expression patterns when comparing the more primitive CML CD34+ population to the more mature MNCs. Here, TGFB1 is linked to chronic myelogenous leukemia, BCR-ABL1 positive.